Insights

The Great Investment Debate Passive vs. Active – Which Path is Right for You?

Date: May 2025

In the realm of investing, a fundamental choice often confronts both novice and seasoned participants: should you opt for a passive approach or an active one? Both strategies have their merits, proponents, and drawbacks, making the decision a crucial one that can significantly impact your long-term financial outcomes. At their heart, passive and active investing represent contrasting philosophies regarding market efficiency and the ability to outperform. Let’s delve into the core differences and help you navigate this pivotal investment decision.

Passive Investing: Embracing the Market’s Wisdom
Passive investing operates on the belief that the market, as a whole, is largely efficient. This means that current stock prices already reflect all available information, making it exceedingly difficult to consistently “beat the market.” Therefore, the goal of a passive investor is not to outperform but rather to match the market’s returns. This is typically achieved by investing in broad market index funds or Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) that track a specific benchmark, such as the S&P 500 or the NIFTY 50. Passive investing has gained significant traction over the years due to its low costs, reduced emotional decision-making, simplicity and efficiency.
Active Investing: The Pursuit of Outperformance
Active investing, on the other hand, involves a more hands-on approach with the aim of outperforming the market’s average returns. Active fund managers employ various strategies, including in-depth research, market analysis, and stock selection, to identify undervalued securities or capitalize on market inefficiencies. Despite the compelling arguments for passive investing, active management still holds appeal for many due to its potential to outperform the market, downside protection in a falling market and pursuit of ‘active’ returns which can significantly enhance portfolio performance. To understand this better, we analysed rolling returns of actively managed mutual funds across 3 main categories based on market cap – Large, Mid & Small cap with their appropriate benchmarks. Since NSE & BSE have their own indices, we chose the one performing better to evaluate active returns (excess over benchmark). These returns are calculated in 2 buckets – one since 2013 when direct plans were introduced and second since 2017 when SEBI re-categorised mutual funds. Also, for each of these buckets we only considered schemes which have been active before the date and have run the whole course.

Large Cap Funds (Benchmark BSE 100 TRI)

As seen in the chart above, the ability of Large Cap Funds to provide active returns has reduced post categorisation/rationalisation of mutual funds. Over 3 year holding period, the number of schemes providing active returns fell from 54% to 32% and schemes with a negative active return increased from 46% to 68%. None of the schemes have been able to achieve more than 3% active returns. A similar trend can be seen in the 1 & 5 year holding period as well.

Mid Cap Funds (Benchmark: NSE Midcap 150 TRI)

Mid cap schemes too display a decreasing trend in active returns over benchmark as we move from 2013 to 2017 but only on a 1-year holding period basis; over 3 and 5 year returns we not only see more funds outperforming the benchmark but also achieving active returns of more than 3%. Specifically for 5 year rolling returns, funds outperforming the benchmark rise significantly from 21% to 50%.

Small Cap Funds (Benchmark: NSE Nifty Small cap 250 TRI)

Small caps schemes however change the narrative completely. Not only is the number of schemes providing active returns between 0-3% higher than large & mid cap but also schemes providing returns over 3% is significantly higher. A staggering 57% of small cap schemes have achieved excess returns over 3% since 2017 on a 5-year rolling return basis. Therefore, small cap schemes can definitely benefit investors with higher risk appetites.

CONCLUSION

Active funds can add value, but their success largely depends on the market segment. The Passive vs Active debate is likely to continue. Both approaches have their own strengths and weaknesses. For many investors with a long-term perspective that desire simplicity and low costs, passive investing offers a robust and historically proven path to wealth accumulation. However, active management can play a role for those seeking specific outcomes or possessing the expertise to potentially outperform the market. Understanding the nuances of both passive and active investing empowers you to make informed choices and embark on a successful investment journey. The “best” approach isn’t universal and often depends on individual circumstances, financial goals, risk tolerance, and investment knowledge.

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